10 Downing Street: The Official Residence of the Prime Minister
Number 10 Downing Street serves as both the residence and workplace of the Prime Minister. It houses the offices of secretaries, assistants, and advisors, as well as conference and dining rooms where the Prime Minister meets with and entertains leaders and foreign dignitaries. The building is situated close to the Palace of Westminster, the UK Parliament, and Buckingham Palace, the residence of the monarch.
The structure of Number 10 originally consisted of three separate houses: the "house at the back," the "Number 10" itself, and the neighboring property. The house at the back was a mansion built around 1530, next to the Palace of Whitehall, the main residence of the monarchs at that time. Number 10, constructed in 1685, was smaller and originally one of the royal properties used by various members of the royal family.
In 1732, King George II offered Number 10 to Robert Walpole, who is regarded as the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. Walpole accepted the offer on the condition that the property be a gift to the office of the First Lord of the Treasury, not to him personally. The monarch agreed, and thus, 10 Downing Street became the official residence for each incoming First Lord.
Although it became the Prime Minister's residence, 10 Downing Street was not without its challenges. Built on boggy soil, it was costly to maintain, and many Prime Ministers chose not to live there. William Pitt the Younger, who lived at Number 10 for 19 years, longer than any other Prime Minister before or since, described the house as a "vast, awkward house" in a letter to his mother. Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, famously refused to live there, finding it too small. There were several occasions when 10 Downing Street nearly faced demolition, but as time passed, its historic significance grew, and it became a symbol of British governance.
Over the years, the walls between the houses on Downing Street were removed, linking them together, making it difficult to discern where one house ends and another begins. This expansion continued with the adjacent houses on Horseguards Parade, eventually creating a vast, labyrinthine complex.
The perception that the Prime Minister lived at 10 Downing Street was often maintained even when they resided elsewhere. For example, during his second term as Prime Minister (1974-1976), Harold Wilson preferred to live in his private home on Lord North Street. However, with the help of the media, he maintained the appearance of living at Number 10, often entering the front door before exiting through the side door to return home.
After the 1997 General Election, when Tony Blair became Prime Minister, he and his Chancellor, Gordon Brown, swapped residences. Blair, who had a wife and three children, took up residence in the more spacious Number 11, while Brown, who was unmarried at the time, lived in the smaller quarters of Number 10. Later, after Brown married and Blair had a fourth child, Brown moved to a private flat, and the Blair family occupied both Number 10 and Number 11.
The iconic black front door at Number 10 has no keyhole - it can only be opened from the inside. A security guard is stationed behind the door to open it for the Prime Minister, regardless of the time of day or night. During Margaret Thatcher's premiership, gates were installed at both ends of Downing Street, with armed police on guard. While public access to Downing Street is restricted, visitors are allowed entry after passing security checks and following certain rules.
Getting there
Nearest Tube Stations: Charing Cross Station and Westminster StationBuses: 11, 12, 24, 88, 159
Access: View from gate at road entrance
Britain Visitor Centre: 1 Lower Regent St, Piccadilly Circus SW1Y 4XT
10 Downing Street is 
on the Map of the City of Westminster, London
List of Government Buildings in London
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